First implementation and data: Atmosphere and land

Focuses on (a) atmospheric observation of the main greenhouse gases (CO2 and CH4) using ground, mobile and airborne eddy covariance observations to deter-mine the atmospheric concentrations and fluxes in North slope of Alaska and Sweden; (b) trace gases monitoring of N2O, SF6, CO, O2/N2 using a flask sampler for the automated collection of air samples under standardized conditions; (c) effects of snow cover on surface energy balance and permafrost thermal regime; (d) observation with a spectro -albedometer at high temporal resolution, and VNA-based radar system to monitor soil, snow and surface vegetation proper-ties; (e) multiple airborne campaigns conducted in the Alaskan North Slope, Mackenzie River Delta, Canada, and the Lena River Delta, Siberia, assessing the composition and height of the atmospheric boundary layer as well as greenhouse gas concentrations; (e) development of a low-maintenance atmospheric observatory onboard of the Swedish research icebreaker Oden that include measurements of incoming broad-band radiation, surface temperature, cloud-base lidars and eddy covariance fluxes of CO2 and CH4